Effects of adding sucrose on Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) growth performance and water quality in a biofloc system

A 60‐day indoor growth trial was conducted to study the effects of biofloc on the growth performance of a Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798), water quality and biological indicators including biofloc volume, chlorophyll‐a, heterotrophic bacteria and Bacillus quantity. Two concentrations of sucrose (0 and 75%) were added daily to the P. monodon culture systems (2.94 ± 0.11 g), which were conducted indoors in fibre‐glass tanks (500 L). Results showed that the final body weight and weight gain of the adding 75% sucrose group were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the control, as well as significantly (P < 0.05) improved specific growth rates and survival rates, and reduced feed coefficient. Adding 75% sucrose promoted heterotrophic bacteria, Bacillus and phytoplankton reproduction, and significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the concentration of ammonia‐N (NH₄‐N), nitrite‐N (NO₂‐N) and nitrate‐N (NO₃‐N). The changes of water quality indicators in the two groups showed the similar trend at the end of the experiment, and the ammonia‐N, nitrite‐N, nitrate‐N and phosphate‐P concentrations in the 75% sucrose group were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of the control group, Chlorophyll‐a concentrations peaked at 389.12 μg/L in the biofloc sucrose group at 18:00 h, and heterotrophic bacteria peaked 8 h after sucrose was added. The addition of sucrose also reduced the pH of the water. Our research showed that adding sucrose promoted biofloc formation and shortened the formation time; increased the number of heterotrophic bacteria and algae which might play a role in improving water quality by assimilating ammonia‐N and other harmful substances in the water; supplemented food for P monodon growth; and reduced the feed coefficient.     

疣吻沙蚕胚胎发育观察及盐度对其孵化的影响

采用显微镜观察了疣吻沙蚕(Tylorrhynchus heterochaeta)胚胎发育不同时期特征,并依据疣吻沙蚕人工孵化经验设置6个盐度梯度组(A:0,B:5,C:10,D:13,E:15,F:20),每组3个平行,研究了盐度对疣吻沙蚕受精率和孵化率的影响。结果表明,疣吻沙蚕胚胎发育可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、前担轮幼虫期、后担轮幼虫期、膜内三刚节疣足幼虫期和三刚节疣足幼虫期8个时期;盐度对疣吻沙蚕孵化影响显著(P0.05),C组受精率和孵化率最高,与其他组存在显著差异(P0.05)。适宜受精的盐度范围为10~13,最适孵化的盐度为10。     

A comparison of changes in stable isotope ratios in the epidermal mucus and muscle tissue of slow‐growing adult catfish

Although stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool for determining diet, migration patterns and the structure of food webs in aquatic systems, the slow response of isotopic ratios in the widely used muscle tissue often hampers this approach, particularly in slow‐growing or adult fishes. We conducted a diet‐switch experiment to compare the changes in the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C values) in the epidermal mucus and muscle tissue of five‐year‐old catfish (Silurus asotus). The isotope ratios in noninvasively sampled mucus changed more rapidly than those in the muscle tissue. As isotopic change in mucus was relatively rapid, this technique can be used over a finer timescale than traditional isotopic analyses using the muscle tissue. The isotopic change half‐life in our experimental condition was 200 days, which would not be short enough for some research purposes. Examining mucus along with the muscle would enable food habits of slow‐growing fishes to be determined over different timescales. However, the rate of isotopic change in the mucus was negatively affected by the size of fish and was slower than the previously reported rates in juvenile steelhead. These findings suggest that mucus turnover rates need to be determined prior to the field data interpretation.     

Comparative functional responses of native and high‐impacting invasive fishes: impact predictions for native prey populations

Comparative functional responses (FRs) can predict impacts of invasive species, including piscivorous fishes, via quantifying their depletion of native food resources as a function of prey density. The utility of FRs for predicting impacts on prey populations by invasive fishes of different trophic guilds was tested here by comparing the FRs of the invaders Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus, with three native, trophically analogous fishes, Barbus barbus, Squalius cephalus and Tinca tinca. Chironomid larvae and Gammarus pulex were used as prey items. Predictions, developed from studies on the foraging of C. carpio and C. auratus in the literature, were that the invaders would have significantly higher consumption rates for chironomids than the native fishes, but not for G. pulex. Mean consumption rates for chironomids were significantly lower for both invaders than B. barbus and S. cephalus, but were similar to T. tinca. Barbus barbus had a significantly lower consumption rate of G. pulex than both invaders, but there were no significant differences between S. cephalus, T. tinca and the invaders. All FRs were type II, with FR curves for the invaders preying upon chironomids never being significantly higher than the native fishes, contrary to predictions. For G. pulex, some significant differences were apparent between the invaders and native fishes, but again were contrary to predictions. These results indicated that when predation impacts of invasive fishes could also be a function of their population density and body sizes, these parameters should be incorporated into FR models to improve impact predictions.     

保水缓释肥料保水性能及养分释放特性

为了明确添加水溶性保水剂(羧甲基纤维素钠、聚丙烯酰胺、聚丙烯酸钠)肥料的保水缓释效果,利用圆盘造粒工艺制备了保水缓释肥料,通过土壤培养和土柱淋溶试验,研究了保水缓释肥料在土壤中的保水性能和养分缓释效果。结果表明:3种保水缓释肥料均具有一定保水性和养分缓释效果,随保水缓释肥料用量增加,土壤最大持水率逐渐增加,土壤水分蒸发率逐渐减小;其中,以添加聚丙烯酸钠的保水缓释肥料保水性能和养分缓释效果最佳,首次淋溶后氮磷钾养分释放率较普通肥料分别减少了50.38%、55.74%、48.37%,当肥料添加量为2%时,土壤最大持水率较纯土壤提高了43.28%,培养至30 d土壤水分蒸发率较纯土壤降低了22.86%。     

Growth performance and whole‐body composition of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson) under feeding restriction

Fish growth is an important index in aquaculture practice. However, the effect of growth under restricted feeding on quality of fish grown to the same size remains poorly unknown. In this study, yellow catfish were reared by feeding them at three different feeding rates such as low (FR‐L group), medium (FR‐M group) and high (apparent satiation) ration levels for 82, 58 and 34 days to reach the same size, respectively. After this period, the growth performance, whole‐body amino acid composition and fatty acid profile of the fish were evaluated. Feeding restriction led to significant decreases in specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. Significant increases in dry matter, protein and energy contents were observed in fish under both restricted feeding treatments. FR‐L‐treated fish had significantly lower whole‐body essential amino acid contents, and significantly higher Ala and non‐essential amino acid contents compared to fish fed to satiation. Fish in restricted feeding treatments had significantly higher n‐3 PUFA and n‐3/n‐6 ratio compared to the fish fed to satiation. The present results indicate that from a quality perspective, there are certain advantages in improvement of whole‐body composition and enrichment of n‐3 PUFA associated with the restricted feeding of yellow catfish at slow growth rate.     

颗粒肥料质量流量传感器设计与试验

变量施肥具有提高肥料利用率、保护生态环境、节约农业生产成本等优点，但目前还没有得到广泛的应用，除了难以获得变量施肥的处方图之外，缺乏闭环检测也是原因之一。闭环控制是实现变量施肥的关键之一，与间接测量排肥轴的转速相比，实时检测肥料的质量流量更为准确。本文基于静电感应原理，设计了一种颗粒肥料质量流量传感器。由于颗粒肥料之间、颗粒肥料与空气、颗粒肥料与排肥管之间的摩擦和碰撞，颗粒肥料会携带一定量的电荷，因此本研究设计了环形电极来检测电荷强度，并利用电流放大电路输出感应电流。通过标定质量流量与感应电流的关系，获得了实时的肥料质量流量。搭建试验台对该颗粒肥料质量流量传感器进行检测，试验台主要包括动态信号采集系统、肥料箱、电流放大器和环形电极传感器。以大颗粒尿素（CO(NH2)2）、过磷酸钙（Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O）和氯化钾（KCl）为研究对象，其平均容重分别为0.7、1.2、1.1g/cm3。根据施肥装置的物理参数，通过调整排肥轴转速可获得近似的目标质量流量，目标质量流量的范围是3~15g/s，增量为1g/s。对于每个质量流量，进行了4次重复。每次重复30s，施肥装置与信号采集系统同时启动。利用平均感应电流和平均质量流量建立回归方程，采用插值法得到实时质量流量。随后，对每种肥料进行25次试验，从而检验本文中颗粒肥料质量流量传感器的测量精度，每次试验的目标质量流量由5个随机质量流量组成，每个质量流量下持续排肥6s，用天平称量30s内的实际质量，通过积分质量流量和时间曲线计算检测质量。采用SPSS 22.0软件对试验结果进行统计分析，分析表明，大颗粒尿素、过磷酸钙、氯化钾的检测误差分别为3.9%、5.1%、5.9%，相应的标准差分别为5.21、7.98、11.29。检测质量与实际质量无显著性差异（P>0.1），大颗粒尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾检测误差的数学期望值分别为3.74%、4.93%、5.22%。本文的研究结果表明，检测误差随颗粒肥料粒径的减小而增大。     

我国主要麦区农户施肥评价及减肥潜力分析

【目的】明确我国主要麦区农户小麦施肥存在的问题及减肥潜力,为科学施肥、合理减肥提供依据。【方法】连续3年对我国主要麦区的小麦种植户进行施肥调研和取样,基于农户产量、养分需求量和土壤养分供应水平对其施肥状况和减肥潜力进行评价和分析。【结果】我国主要麦区农户小麦产量和生物量平均为6.0和13.2 t·hm ^-2,二者极显著线性相关。小麦产量与施肥量和土壤养分无显著相关。我国小麦氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）和钾（K₂O）肥用量平均分别为191.1、112.8和53.4 kg·hm ^-2,春麦区农户氮、磷和钾肥用量平均分别为171.7、108.9和10.6 kg·hm ^-2,旱作区分别为154.3、111.8和32.6 kg·hm ^-2,麦玉区分别为236.4、128.1和74.0 kg·hm ^-2,稻麦区分别为177.5、77.0和71.8 kg·hm ^-2。就施氮量而言,春麦区过量施氮的农户较少,为34%,其次是麦玉区、稻麦区和旱作区,分别为42%、55%和63%;产量较低的农户是氮肥减施的重点,减氮潜力最高达43.6%,平均需减氮2.3—135.5 kg·hm ^-2。过量施磷问题比较突出,各麦区施磷过量的农户分别占63%、87%、68%和57%,即使小麦高产时,仍有超过50%的农户施磷过量;各麦区不同产量等级的农户均需减施磷肥,减磷量平均为3.8—91.1 kg·hm ^-2,旱作区减磷潜力最大,达55.6%。施钾状况因麦区而异,在春麦区,主要问题是施钾不足,占84%,平均需增施钾肥22.8 kg·hm ^-2;旱作、麦玉和稻麦区,减钾潜力分别达43.2%、25.7%和56.0%;产量较低的农户是减钾的重点,平均需减钾31.7—45.9 kg·hm ^-2。【结论】我国农户施肥状况和减肥潜力因农户产量和麦区不同存在差异,中低产农户过量施肥问题较为严重,应注意根据产量适量减少施用氮、钾肥,所有农户均需警惕磷肥过量投入问题,其中旱作区氮、磷肥减施潜力最高,稻麦区减钾潜力最高。     

黑果枸杞茎叶生长及其生态化学计量特征对灌水施肥的响应

在石羊河中游田间条件下,通过灌水和施肥调节黑果枸杞生长。测定不同时期黑果枸杞茎、叶生长量及其化学计量学特征变化,分析器官水平生长速率与化学计量学特征的关系,验证生态化学计量学理论"生长速率假说"。灌水施肥显著促进了茎长、基径和叶片长、宽及叶干重的生长(P<0.05),而茎长、基径、叶面积和叶干重的相对生长速率与对照之间无显著差异。各处理下黑果枸杞新梢C含量及C∶N、C∶P随生育期进程呈增加趋势,而N、P及N∶P呈降低趋势;灌水和施肥处理后茎C含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P低于对照,茎N、P含量高于对照。各处理叶片C、N、P含量在生育期内呈降低趋势,而C∶N、C∶P及N∶P呈增加趋势;灌水和施肥后叶片C含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P低于对照,叶片N、P含量高于对照。茎C含量及C∶N、C∶P显著高于叶片(P<0.05),而N、P含量及N∶P显著低于叶片(P<0.05)。生长速率假说认为,生物个体的生长速率与体内的N∶P、C∶P具有负相关关系,与N、P含量呈显著的正相关关系。各处理黑果枸杞茎、叶的生长速率与其N、P含量及C∶P、N∶P总体相关性不显著。表明施肥灌水调节下黑果枸杞茎叶生长及化学计量学特征不支持生长速率假说。